It is now 50 years since Alan Smith and Tony Hallam published in Nature their
classic paper on Gondwana reconstruction (Smith & Hallam, 1970). Here is a link
to a video of Alan talking about this work in 2012
[link]. Smith and Hallam applied the same
contour-fitting algorithm used in Bullard, Everett and Smith (1965) to fit the
500 fathom (914 m) bathymetric contours for South America, Africa, Madagascar,
India and Australia to each other and to the 1000 m isobath for Antarctica. The
result has withstood well the test of time. The figure at the bottom of this
piece presents the fit resulting from current research (available on this
website) alongside the original Smith & Hallam (1970) fit.
The main difference in the result is that the convex section of the Mozambique
coast of Africa is now fitted into the concave section of the Antarctic coast
occupied by Sri Lanka in the 1970 fit. A slightly more northwesterly position
for Madagascar against Africa then allows the remainder of the assembly of
India, Australia and Antarctica to fit snugly against Africa and Madagascar.
The modern fit uses offshore satellite gravity anomalies ('gravity
margins') with persuasively conjugate detail in place of bathymetric
contours. The Smith & Hallam (1970) position for Sri Lanka - which they
explain as arbitrary - survived into the 1988 geological map of Gondwana (de
Wit et al., 1988) and is still reproduced from time to time.
The arcuate Antarctic Peninsula and the somewhat similar southernmost section of
South America have long posed a problem for a satisfactory reassembly. In the
second part of the figure we show our recent solution (highlighted in yellow)
which brings Patagonia back along the Agulhas fault with the 'sole' of the
Malvinas Plateau originally in contact with the Coats Land coast of Antarctica.
This 1500 km-long line of contact behaved, we believe, as a dextral strike-slip
feature in the earliest disruption of East and West Gondwana, conforming to the
Euler pole for the first movements of the first two pieces Gondwana broke into
in Jurassic times. This model is demonstrated in the animation on the
'Gondwana' page. Small fragments such as the Maurice Ewing Bank,
South Georgia and the South Orkney Islands may all have their origins in this
shear zone which developed eventually into a broad rift before the onset of
ocean growth in the Weddell Sea.
2020 April 15 (updated 2020 July 31)
References
Bullard, E.C., Everett, J.E. & Smith, A.G., 1965. Phil Trans Roy Soc, A, 258, 41.
Smith, A.G. & Hallam, A.,1970. Nature, 225, 139.
de Wit et al, 1988. Geological map of sectors of Gondwana, AAPG.